UNESCO Sites
How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites are there in Iran?
28 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Iran
1. Choqa Zanbil Ziggurat
In Persian, called /choqa zanbil /
To get an idea of the Iraq Bible’s Tower, travel to Choqa Zanbil. Choqa Zanbil Ziggurat, or Dur-Untash, as one of the best-preserved mudbrick ziggurats globally, is in Susa (shush) Khouzestan Province. This stepped Ziggurat’s history as the ancient world’s masterpiece dates to 1250 BC (about 3300 years ago), Elamite Period.
Thousand Bricks,
to Meet with Elamite God
The five-floor Ziggurat with 52 meters high, was founded to honor the great god Inshushinak by the great king of Elam, Untash-Napirisha. Elamites believed that by reaching the top of the Ziggurat, they would be closer to their gods. So, they built this Ziggurat high enough to get the sky and protect the Ziggurat from flooding. But Choqa Zanbil Ziggurat was destroyed during the war between Elamite and Assyrian by the Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. As written in an inscription: “I broke the ziggurat of Susa, which has glazed bricks, I destroyed the temples of Elam, I turned Susa into the ruin, so the sound of happiness hear from there.” The city was never completed, and this jewelry was hidden under the ground until Roman Grishman’s discovery. Today, there are just two and a half floors of this ancient monument 25 meters high (half its original size).
2. Naqsh-e Jahan Square
In Persian, called /Meidan-e naqsh-e jahan / or /meidan-e shah/ or /meidan-e emam/
If a time machine could take you anywhere for one day, choose Naqsh-e Jahan (image of the world) Square in the heart of the city of turquoise domes. As you step into Shah Square (king’s Square), you will find yourself in the middle of an old historical movie. An immense Square like a big city with horses on the move, an army parade, royal monuments, and musicians are holding a public concert above the balcony. When you walk to Naqsh-e Jahan Square, you will see all previous Iran’s dynasties. Chardin, a famous French traveler, wrote that over 50,000 lights are on wooden bases around the magnificent buildings. You cannot see such illumination all around the world.
Naqsh-e Jahan Square is in the center of Esfahan, the cultural capital of Iran. Nasir Khusraw, a prominent Iranian philosopher and traveler, travel to Esfahan in 444 AH. He said: I saw no beautiful city like Esfahan in Persian-speaking areas (present-day Iran). Over 50 caravansaries stood in the Ko-Taraz Alley. And streams passed through the Esfahan’s alleys. King’s Square has 14 main entrances and 14 Subsidiary entrances for people to enter and exit quickly in games and celebrations (which is similar to Rome’s Colosseum).
3. Persepolis
In Persian, called /takht-e jamshid/
Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire in 125,000 square meters, was built by Darius I in the City of Parseh (Persia), 518 B.C. Later, this immense complex was completed (add parts) by his son Xerxes I and his grandson Artaxerxes I. Today, you walk in Persepolis by seven years’ history (from the 4th millennium B.C. to the Safavid Era), while some monuments are under your feet!
The construction of Persepolis never ended.
The Architecture of Persepolis
The Achaemenid artistic styles were inspired by the arts of Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt. But Persepolis head columns and platform-terrace (Sofe) building are unique. Since Persepolis’s terrace was the holy place, people entered without their horses. Persepolis or Takht-e Jamshid had three outer walls: the first wall was 7 meters in height, the second was 14 meters, and the third was 27 meters. The greatness of Persepolis was due to its high walls. Unfortunately, the walls were removed in the first scientific excavations in Persepolis.
4. Takht-e Soleyman
In Persian: Takht-e Soleyman (Throne of Solomon)
Deep in the heart of West Azerbaijan Province, surrounded by rolling hills and volcanic landscapes, lies Takht-e Soleyman, a mystical UNESCO World Heritage Site where legends, history, and breathtaking nature intertwine.
Once a revered sanctuary of fire-worshippers and a grand palace of Persian kings, Takht-e Soleyman has stood the test of time, preserving echoes of ancient rituals and imperial glory. According to Zoroastrian beliefs, this site housed the most sacred fire temple of the Sassanian Empire, where the eternal flame burned for centuries, symbolizing divine wisdom and purity.
Legends claim that King Solomon, the great biblical prophet, built this place and even imprisoned mythical creatures in its deep lake. The site’s Persian name, meaning Throne of Solomon, reflects these mythical stories. However, historical records attribute its development to the Sassanian kings, who transformed it into the heart of their religious and political power.
A City of Fire and Water
The soul of Takht-e Soleyman is its mysterious, ever-bubbling lake, a natural volcanic spring over 100 meters deep. The water remains at a constant temperature throughout the year, feeding a network of ancient canals that once provided life to the royal city. Surrounding the lake, imposing stone walls, temples, and palaces stand as testaments to the grandeur of Sassanian engineering.
Archaeologists believe that the Azargoshnasb Fire Temple, one of the three most sacred Zoroastrian temples, once stood here, where kings came to be blessed before heading into battle. Even after the Arab conquest, the site remained revered, with traces of later Ilkhanid Mongol structures showing its continued significance.
The Influence of Takht-e Soleyman
Takht-e Soleyman’s architectural layout later influenced Islamic and Central Asian city planning, with its sacred enclosures, symmetrical design, and water-centric structures inspiring later Persian gardens and mosques. The site’s strategic location also made it a coveted power center, from the Sassanian era to the Mongols, who rebuilt parts of it centuries later.
Journey Through Time
Walking through the ruins of Takht-e Soleyman feels like stepping into a time capsule. The remnants of temples, fortifications, and palaces whisper stories of devotion, power, and mystery. Ancient inscriptions, fire altars, and royal halls offer a glimpse into one of Persia’s most enigmatic historical sites.
From the majestic lake to the sacred fire temples, every corner of Takht-e Soleyman invites visitors to discover the spiritual and imperial heart of ancient Persia.
For those seeking history, mystery, and an unforgettable adventure, Takht-e Soleyman awaits.
5. Bam and its Cultural Landscape
In Persian: Arg-e Bam (Bam Citadel)
Rising from the vast desert plains of Kerman Province, the ancient city of Bam stands as a remarkable testament to the ingenuity and resilience of Persian civilization. Once a thriving oasis along the Silk Road, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is home to Arg-e Bam, the world’s largest adobe structure, a city built entirely of sun-dried bricks, clay, and straw.
For centuries, Bam was a crossroads of culture, trade, and innovation, a place where merchants, travelers, and rulers left their mark. Despite its strategic location in an arid landscape, Bam flourished thanks to a sophisticated underground water system, the qanat, which provided life to its people and lush gardens.
The Heart of the Desert: Arg-e Bam
At the center of this cultural landscape stands the magnificent Bam Citadel, a fortified city whose origins date back to the Achaemenid era (6th century BC), though most of what remains today was shaped during the Safavid period (16th–17th centuries). Towering over the city with its imposing walls, watchtowers, and labyrinth-like alleyways, the citadel once served as a military stronghold, a royal residence, and a thriving urban center.
The architectural style of Bam, with mud-brick houses, covered bazaars, mosques, and hammams, reflects the desert’s climate and the mastery of Persian urban planning. The citadel’s ziggurat-like structure and multi-layered defenses made it nearly impenetrable for centuries, protecting the city from invaders and natural disasters alike.
A Devastating Earthquake and the Spirit of Resilience
On December 26, 2003, a powerful earthquake struck Bam, causing severe damage to the citadel and the surrounding cultural landscape. Thousands of lives were lost, and much of the historic city was reduced to rubble. Yet, in the face of devastation, Bam’s spirit endured. International efforts and local dedication have since led to the site’s careful restoration, preserving its legacy for future generations.
A Timeless Legacy
Bam is more than an ancient fortress; it is a symbol of Persian resilience, desert architecture, and human adaptation to extreme environments. Walking through its ruins, one can still sense the echoes of merchants in the bazaar, the prayers from its mosques, and the voices of those who once called it home.
For travelers seeking a blend of history, culture, and breathtaking desert landscapes, Bam and its cultural heritage offer an unforgettable journey into the past.
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6. Soltaniyeh
In Persian: Soltaniyeh (سلطانیه)
In the rolling plains of Zanjan Province, the breathtaking Dome of Soltaniyeh rises like a jewel in the heart of Persia. Built in the 14th century during the rule of the Ilkhanid dynasty, this architectural masterpiece is one of the most remarkable achievements of Islamic and Persian architecture. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Soltaniyeh is home to the world’s largest brick dome, a marvel that influenced later monumental structures, including the famed Taj Mahal.
The Jewel of the Ilkhanids
Soltaniyeh was once the glorious capital of the Ilkhanid Empire, a Mongol dynasty that ruled Persia in the aftermath of Genghis Khan’s conquests. Commissioned by Sultan Öljeitü (Mohammad Khodabandeh) in the early 1300s, the dome was intended as his grand mausoleum. Standing over 48 meters high and 25 meters in diameter, its turquoise-tiled exterior and intricate interior stucco and mosaics make it one of the most stunning architectural wonders of its time.
This iconic structure is considered the oldest double-shell dome in the world, a revolutionary engineering feat that paved the way for later masterpieces, including the Dome of Florence Cathedral and the Mausoleum of Humayun in India.
A Fusion of Art and Spirituality
The Dome of Soltaniyeh is not just a tomb but a symbol of the fusion of Mongol, Persian, and Islamic artistic traditions. The interior features elaborate Kufic inscriptions, intricate stucco reliefs, and breathtaking tilework, all reflecting the spiritual grandeur of the era. Historians suggest that Sultan Öljeitü initially intended to transfer the remains of Imam Ali and Imam Hussein to Soltaniyeh, making it a major Shiite pilgrimage site. However, this plan was never realized, and the mausoleum remained his own resting place.
An Architectural Influence Beyond Persia
Soltaniyeh’s design left a lasting impact on Islamic and Persian architecture. Its innovative double-shell dome structure inspired some of the greatest domes in history. Even centuries after its construction, its harmonious proportions and elegant decorations continue to captivate architects and travelers alike.
A Journey Through Time
Visiting Soltaniyeh feels like stepping into a lost empire, where Mongol grandeur meets Persian elegance. From its towering brick dome to its beautifully adorned prayer halls, the site stands as a testament to the artistic and scientific advancements of medieval Persia.
For those drawn to history, architecture, and Persian cultural heritage, Soltaniyeh is a must-visit, a place where past and present merge in the form of one of the greatest domes ever built.
7. Bisotun
In Persian: بیستون (Bisotun)
At the foot of the majestic Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah Province, the ancient site of Bisotun stands as a monumental testament to Persian history, mythology, and power. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bisotun is home to the world-famous Bisotun Inscription, an extraordinary trilingual relief that has been called the “Rosetta Stone of Persia.”
This legendary site, which has been a crossroads for travelers and civilizations for thousands of years, blends royal propaganda, artistic mastery, and historical records in one of the most significant inscriptions from the ancient world.
The Great Inscription of Darius the Great
Carved into the towering limestone cliffs in 520 BC, the Bisotun Inscription was commissioned by Darius I (Darius the Great), the ruler of the Achaemenid Empire. This monumental relief, written in Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian cuneiform, narrates Darius’s rise to power, his defeat of rebels, and his claim as the rightful king of Persia.
The inscription depicts Darius standing tall over nine defeated enemies, with Ahura Mazda, the supreme Zoroastrian deity, blessing him from above. This is one of the earliest political propaganda pieces in history, meant to legitimize Darius’s rule and ensure his place in history.
For centuries, travelers and historians marveled at this mysterious carving, unable to decipher its meaning. It wasn’t until the 19th century that Sir Henry Rawlinson, a British officer and scholar, successfully translated the text, unlocking the secrets of ancient Persian history much like the Rosetta Stone did for Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Legends of Bisotun: The Tale of Farhad
Bisotun is not only a site of historical significance but also a land of Persian myths and legends. The famous Persian epic, Khosrow and Shirin, written by Nizami Ganjavi, tells the tragic story of Farhad, the stonemason, who fell in love with the beautiful princess Shirin. In an attempt to win her love, he was challenged to carve a path through the mountain, a feat that took years of labor. Deceived into believing that Shirin had died, Farhad took his own life, and his sorrow became part of Persian folklore.
To this day, the “Farhad Tarash”—a large unfinished rock carving near Bisotun—remains as a silent tribute to this legendary tale.
A Timeless Crossroads
Bisotun’s location made it an important stop along the Silk Road, attracting merchants, kings, and pilgrims throughout history. From Achaemenid and Parthian carvings to Sassanian and Islamic-era relics, the site offers a journey through millennia of Persian civilization.
Visitors to Bisotun can explore not only the great inscription but also the Hercules Statue, Parthian reliefs, Sassanian-era bridges, and ancient caravanserais, each adding to the rich tapestry of the site’s history.
A Window into the Past
Standing beneath the towering cliffs of Bisotun, one can almost hear the echoes of history—the proclamations of Darius, the footsteps of Silk Road traders, and the whispered tales of Farhad and Shirin.
For history lovers, archaeology enthusiasts, and travelers seeking the soul of ancient Persia, Bisotun is an unmissable destination where myth and reality blend in a breathtaking landscape.
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8. Pasargadae
In Persian, called /pasargad/
The archeological site of Pasargadae, the first capital of the Achaemenid Empire, was built by Cyrus II the Great after his victory over Astyages, the last king of the Median Empire, in 546 BC. Pasargadae means the homeland of the Persian or the camp of Persia, in the Morqab Plain, Fars Province.
Dashte Morqab: the plain of Pasargadae
The architecture of this big city was inspired by Elam, Egypt, Babylon, and Assyria, as the first outstanding sample of the royal Achaemenid’s evolution of the art, architecture, and Persian civilization. The architecture’s colors consist of black and white stones. The ancestors also call the village the mother of Solomon (God prophet), Pasargad. Historically, they believed that Shiraz (Fars Province) is the kingdom of Solomon. What we know about Pasargadae today is from the excavations’ documents and written travelogues.
9. Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran
In Persian: کلیساهای تاریخی ارامنه ایران
Nestled among the rugged mountains and remote valleys of northwest Iran, the Armenian Monastic Ensembles stand as a symbol of faith, resilience, and cultural exchange. These UNESCO World Heritage Sites—comprising St. Thaddeus Monastery, St. Stepanos Monastery, and the Chapel of Dzordzor—are among the most significant Christian religious sites in Iran, reflecting the deep historical ties between Armenian and Persian cultures.
A Testament to Faith and Heritage
Dating back to the 7th to 14th centuries, these monastic ensembles bear witness to the presence of Armenian Christianity in Persia and its connection to early Christian traditions. The monasteries not only served as places of worship but also as centers of learning, manuscript production, and artistic creativity. Over centuries, they have stood resilient against earthquakes, invasions, and political changes, preserving their sacred significance.
St. Thaddeus Monastery (Qareh Klisa)
Known as the Black Church (Qareh Klisa) due to its distinctive dark stone, St. Thaddeus Monastery is believed to be one of the oldest Christian churches in the world, dating back to the 1st century AD. It is said to be built on the site where St. Thaddeus, one of Christ’s apostles, was martyred, making it a place of deep reverence for Armenian Christians.
Every year, thousands of Armenian pilgrims from around the world gather here to celebrate the Feast of St. Thaddeus, a centuries-old tradition that continues to this day. The church’s blend of Armenian, Persian, and Byzantine architecture, adorned with intricate reliefs and inscriptions, showcases a unique artistic fusion.
St. Stepanos Monastery
Hidden within the lush Aras River valley, St. Stepanos Monastery is a masterpiece of medieval Armenian architecture. Surrounded by towering stone walls, its cylindrical dome and finely detailed carvings make it one of Iran’s most visually stunning churches.
Built between the 9th and 14th centuries, this monastery played a crucial role in Armenian monastic life, serving as a religious, educational, and cultural hub. Despite earthquakes and invasions, St. Stepanos has been carefully restored, preserving its delicate frescoes and elaborate stonework.
Chapel of Dzordzor
The smallest yet equally significant of the three, the Chapel of Dzordzor, was originally part of a larger monastic complex. In a remarkable feat of preservation, the entire structure was relocated stone by stone in the 1980s to protect it from flooding caused by dam construction. Though modest in size, Dzordzor reflects the spiritual devotion and architectural expertise of Armenian craftsmen.
A Symbol of Cultural Harmony
The Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran are not only sacred landmarks for Christians but also symbols of coexistence and cultural exchange. Their architectural brilliance, historical depth, and spiritual significance make them an essential part of Iran’s diverse heritage.
For those seeking a journey through history, faith, and artistic mastery, these monasteries offer a glimpse into the enduring Armenian legacy within Persia, where stone, faith, and time come together in an unforgettable landscape.
10. Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
In Persian: سیستم آبی تاریخی شوشتر
In the heart of Khuzestan Province, where the Karun River flows through the ancient lands of Elam, Achaemenids, and Sassanids, lies one of the greatest engineering marvels of antiquity—the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this sophisticated water management system, built over two millennia ago, is a testament to the ingenuity of Persian hydraulic engineering.
An Engineering Wonder of the Ancient World
The origins of Shushtar’s hydraulic system date back to the 5th century BC, during the reign of Darius the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. However, it reached its peak during the Sassanian era (3rd–7th century AD), when Persian engineers created a complex network of dams, canals, tunnels, and watermills to control and distribute water efficiently.
This system not only supplied drinking water and irrigated vast agricultural lands, but also powered mills and industries, making Shushtar one of the most advanced cities of its time. Ancient historians such as Strabo and Ibn Battuta praised the site as a “wonder of the world”, comparing it to the engineering feats of Rome and Egypt.
The Heart of the System: The Waterfalls and Mills
The Shushtar Hydraulic System is centered around a series of interconnected dams, bridges, and tunnels that divert the Karun River into artificial waterfalls and pools. These cascades once powered massive watermills, which ground grain and supported local industries, making the city self-sufficient and prosperous.
One of the most remarkable structures is the Band-e Kaisar (Caesar’s Dam), an Achaemenid-era bridge-dam built with the help of Roman engineers captured during Persian-Roman conflicts. This bridge-dam, the first of its kind in Persia, regulated water flow and supplied irrigation channels that transformed the arid region into fertile farmland.
The Gargar Canal, another key component of the system, redirected river water into underground tunnels and reservoirs, ensuring a steady water supply even during dry seasons. This system remained functional for over a thousand years, demonstrating the brilliance of ancient Persian engineering.
A Timeless Symbol of Sustainability
More than just an architectural wonder, Shushtar’s Hydraulic System embodies principles of sustainability, resource management, and urban planning that were far ahead of their time. The network of aqueducts, mills, and irrigation channels showcases how ancient Persians mastered water conservation in a region with extreme climatic conditions.
A Living Legacy
Today, visitors can walk along the ancient bridges, watch the cascading waterfalls, and explore the underground tunnels that once supplied an empire. Despite the passage of time, the ruins of Shushtar’s hydraulic complex remain one of the most impressive pre-industrial water management systems ever built.
For those fascinated by history, engineering, and sustainable innovation, Shushtar’s Historical Hydraulic System is a journey into the brilliance of Persian civilization—where nature and human ingenuity worked in perfect harmony.
11. Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex
In Persian: مجموعه بازار تاریخی تبریز
In the heart of Tabriz, where merchants, travelers, and traders have gathered for over a thousand years, stands one of the most spectacular covered bazaars in the world—the Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this vast labyrinth of brick-domed alleys, caravanserais, and grand halls is a living testament to Persian commerce, architecture, and cultural exchange.
A Hub of Trade and Civilization
Dating back to at least the 10th century, the Bazaar of Tabriz flourished during the Safavid era (16th–17th centuries), when the city was a key center along the Silk Road, connecting the East to the West. As one of the largest covered markets in the world, it played a pivotal role in international trade, attracting merchants from China, India, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe.
Travelers such as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta wrote about the bustling energy of Tabriz, describing it as one of the most prosperous cities of their time. Even today, the bazaar remains an economic and cultural hub, where the echoes of past empires still linger.
A Masterpiece of Persian Architecture
The Bazaar of Tabriz is a masterpiece of Persian urban planning, with endless corridors, massive domes, and intricately designed archways. The brick vaults, some of which are among the largest in the world, provide natural ventilation and lighting, showcasing the architectural brilliance of traditional Persian markets.
Unlike many bazaars that grew organically, the Tabriz Bazaar was carefully designed, with distinct sections for different trades, including carpets, spices, jewelry, copperware, and textiles. Among its most famous sections are:
- Amir Bazaar – One of the most important centers for Persian carpets, renowned worldwide for their fine craftsmanship and intricate patterns.
- Mozzafarieh – A historic hall dedicated to handwoven rugs, where generations of carpet merchants have continued their trade.
- Qeysarieh Bazaar – A place for luxury goods, where gold, silver, and precious fabrics have been traded for centuries.
- Timcheh-e Sadeghiyeh – A grand caravanserai where traders from across Persia once gathered.
The Cultural and Social Heart of Tabriz
Beyond trade, the Tabriz Bazaar has long been a center for education, politics, and religious gatherings. It is home to historic mosques, madrasas, and social halls, including the Jameh Mosque of Tabriz, where important political movements and cultural events have taken place over the centuries.
During the Constitutional Revolution of Iran (1905–1911), the bazaar played a key role in mobilizing people, making it not just a commercial center but also a symbol of resistance and reform.
A Living Legacy
Unlike many ancient bazaars that have faded with time, the Bazaar of Tabriz remains vibrant and active, its halls still filled with the sounds of merchants bargaining, artisans crafting, and visitors admiring centuries-old traditions. It is one of the few UNESCO-listed sites that is still fully operational, carrying forward the spirit of the Silk Road era into the modern world.
For travelers seeking history, culture, and a glimpse into the soul of Persian trade and craftsmanship, Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex is an unmissable journey into the past, where tradition and commerce continue to thrive side by side.
12. Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble
In Persian: مجموعه شیخ صفیالدین اردبیلی
In the historic city of Ardabil, where the legacy of Persian mysticism and empire-building intertwines, stands one of Iran’s most exquisite spiritual and architectural masterpieces—the Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a reflection of Sufi traditions, Persian artistic excellence, and Safavid dynasty heritage, embodying centuries of devotion and cultural sophistication.
A Center of Mysticism and Power
Founded in the early 14th century, the complex was built to honor Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili, a revered Sufi leader and spiritual master, whose teachings laid the foundation for the Safavid dynasty. His descendants, particularly Shah Ismail I, transformed his shrine into a spiritual, political, and cultural center, shaping it into one of the most significant religious sites in Persia.
Unlike grand imperial palaces or military fortresses, this site reflects a different aspect of Persian history—the union of faith, art, and governance. The complex served as a khānegāh (Sufi lodge), where mystics, scholars, and travelers gathered for spiritual teachings and contemplation.
A Masterpiece of Persian Architecture
The Sheikh Safi Complex showcases some of the finest elements of Persian-Islamic architecture, blending Timurid, Ilkhanid, and early Safavid styles. The site features a harmonious arrangement of courtyards, domes, mosques, libraries, and mausoleums, each decorated with breathtaking tilework, calligraphy, and intricate stucco carvings.
Among its most stunning structures are:
- Allah Allah Dome – The most iconic feature of the shrine, covered in mesmerizing turquoise and lapis-blue tilework, adorned with mystical calligraphic inscriptions praising God and Sheikh Safi’s spiritual legacy.
- Chini Khaneh (China Hall) – A unique Safavid-era treasure house, designed to store exquisite Chinese porcelain and gifts from the Ming Dynasty, symbolizing the global cultural exchanges of the time.
- Jannat Sara (House of Paradise) – A beautifully designed hall representing Sufi spiritual ideals, where dervishes gathered for prayer, music, and poetry recitation.
- Shah Ismail I Mausoleum – The burial site of Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, who established Shi’a Islam as the official religion of Iran.
A Reflection of Sufi Philosophy
Unlike traditional mosques or royal shrines, the Sheikh Safi complex was built following the principles of Sufi philosophy, with a meticulously designed path symbolizing the mystical journey toward enlightenment. Visitors move through a series of progressively smaller spaces, creating an experience of spiritual transformation as they approach the final shrine.
A Legacy of Art, Spirituality, and Safavid Influence
This shrine was not only a religious and educational hub but also a political and artistic landmark, deeply connected to the rise of the Safavid Empire. The stunning calligraphy, geometric designs, floral motifs, and Persian miniature paintings reflect the artistic and spiritual richness of the era.
Even today, the Sheikh Safi Shrine remains a revered pilgrimage site, attracting visitors who seek to experience its mystical aura, admire its breathtaking craftsmanship, and explore the history of one of Persia’s most influential dynasties.
For those fascinated by Sufism, Persian architecture, and the legacy of the Safavid Empire, the Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble offers an unforgettable journey into the heart of Iranian spirituality and artistic brilliance.
13. The Persian Garden
In Persian: باغ ایرانی
In the heart of Iran’s arid landscapes, where the desert meets civilization, lies one of the most extraordinary expressions of Persian ingenuity and aesthetics—the Persian Garden. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Persian Garden is not just a physical space but a philosophical and spiritual concept, deeply rooted in Persian culture, poetry, and mythology.
A Symbol of Paradise on Earth
For centuries, Persian gardens have been designed as earthly representations of Eden, embodying the four sacred elements of water, earth, wind, and fire. Known as Chahar Bagh (Four Gardens), the traditional layout is divided into four symmetrical sections by flowing water channels, representing the rivers of paradise described in Persian and Islamic cosmology.
The concept of the Persian Garden dates back to the Achaemenid era (6th century BC), with references to these lush retreats found in the inscriptions of Cyrus the Great and Darius I. Over time, they became symbols of power, serenity, and harmony with nature, influencing garden designs across India, Spain, and the Mughal Empire, including the Taj Mahal gardens.
Masterpieces of Persian Garden Architecture
The nine Persian Gardens inscribed on the UNESCO list span different historical periods and geographical regions, each showcasing unique adaptations to climate, culture, and architectural advancements. Some of the most famous examples include:
- Fin Garden (Kashan) – A masterpiece of Safavid and Qajar design, known for its crystal-clear pools, towering cypress trees, and the tragic assassination of Amir Kabir, a prominent 19th-century Persian statesman.
- Shazdeh Garden (Mahan, Kerman) – A breathtaking desert oasis, where cascading fountains create a stark contrast against the surrounding barren mountains.
- Eram Garden (Shiraz) – A poetic paradise, once home to Persian royalty, filled with fragrant orange trees, blooming roses, and intricate tilework.
- Dolat Abad Garden (Yazd) – Featuring the tallest windcatcher (badgir) in the world, a natural cooling system used in desert climates.
- Chehel Sotoun Garden (Isfahan) – A Safavid-era pavilion and reflecting pool, where the stunning mirror hall reflects the grandeur of Persian architecture.
Each of these gardens showcases sophisticated water management systems, using qanats (underground aqueducts), fountains, and reflecting pools to create a cool and tranquil refuge in Iran’s harsh climate.
A Lasting Influence on Global Garden Design
The Persian Garden is not only an architectural and engineering wonder but also a cultural phenomenon that inspired garden traditions in the Mughal Empire (India), Al-Andalus (Spain), and even European Renaissance gardens. The concept of symmetry, geometric harmony, and water elements can be traced back to these Persian designs.
An Invitation to Serenity
Walking through a Persian Garden is like stepping into a living poem, where the sound of flowing water, the scent of blossoming flowers, and the cool shade of towering trees create an atmosphere of peace and contemplation. More than just a place of beauty, these gardens were designed for meditation, gatherings, and intellectual exchanges, shaping Persian literature, philosophy, and art for centuries.
For travelers seeking a glimpse into Iran’s timeless vision of paradise, the Persian Garden offers an experience where nature, history, and architecture unite in perfect harmony.
14. Gonbad-e Qābus
In Persian: گنبد قابوس
Rising majestically above the lush plains of Golestan Province, the Gonbad-e Qābus is one of the tallest and most remarkable brick towers in the world. Built in 1006 AD during the Ziyarid dynasty, this architectural masterpiece stands as a symbol of Persian ingenuity and early Islamic geometric design. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Gonbad-e Qābus remains a timeless tribute to Persian craftsmanship, scientific knowledge, and cultural legacy.
An Architectural Marvel Reaching for the Sky
At 53 meters tall (over 62 meters including the hill it stands on), Gonbad-e Qābus was once the tallest brick tower of its time and still dominates the landscape today. Constructed entirely of fired bricks, its perfectly symmetrical conical dome and cylindrical body reflect an advanced understanding of geometry and engineering. The tower’s unique zigzag brickwork and pointed arch motifs create an optical illusion that makes it seem even taller than it is.
A Royal Tomb or a Celestial Marker?
The tower was commissioned by Qābus ibn Voshmgir, the ruler of the Ziyarid dynasty, as his own mausoleum. However, no tomb has ever been found inside, leading historians to speculate that it may have been a symbolic burial site or even an astronomical observatory, aligning with the movement of the stars and celestial bodies.
An inscription running along the tower in Kufic script declares:
“This is the tomb of Qābus, son of Voshmgir, built in the year 1006 AD, during his reign.”
A Landmark of Persian and Islamic Innovation
Unlike most traditional Persian mausoleums, which are often decorated with intricate tilework and lavish ornamentation, Gonbad-e Qābus stands in striking simplicity, its form embodying mathematical precision and spiritual symbolism.
Its double-shelled dome, made entirely of bricks without any mortar, was a revolutionary feat in early Islamic architecture. The tower’s design later influenced tomb towers across Iran, Central Asia, and beyond, serving as an early prototype for Persian and Turkic mausoleum structures.
A Timeless Beacon in the Persian Landscape
Standing on a high plateau, Gonbad-e Qābus has served as a navigational landmark for travelers, traders, and scholars for over a thousand years. Whether intended as a royal tomb, an observatory, or a symbol of power, its towering presence continues to inspire awe and admiration.
For those seeking to witness the elegance of early Persian-Islamic architecture, Gonbad-e Qābus is an unforgettable site—an eternal monument reaching for the heavens.
15. Jāmé Mosque of Isfahan
In Persian, called /masjed jam-e isfahan/
Jame Mosque of Esfahan, also known as Atiq Mosque and Masjed Jameh Isfahan, is the oldest Friday (congregational) mosque in the heart of Iran, Esfahan. As the twelve centuries’ veritable museum, the history of Jame Mosque is not related to a single period. It covers Sassanid, Abbasid, Buyid, Seljuq, Ilkhanid, Muzzafarid, Timurid, and Safavid Periods. So, the mosque’s structure combines architecture in different periods. Masjed Jame Isfahan, as the biggest mosque in Iran (covering over 20,000 square meters), shows the importance of Esfahan City for over 1400 decades, as the Pre-Islamic era. The grand mosque had political, religious, and learning aspects. Rituals held, Khutba (Sermon) read and said, who is the Amir al-Muminin (the leader). Many great men, such as Ibn Sina, taught in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan.
Converting the Forty-Column Arabic Mosque into a Four-Iwan Iranian Mosque
The primary monument of the mosque was built by the Bani Tamim tribe on a Jewish Hill (Jo-bare Region) near Historic Bazaar in the 8th century AD, as a columnar Arabic mosque. Because of finding Sassanid remains under the dome of Taj Al-Mulk, the construction activity on this site is believed back to Sassanid Fire Temple.
16. Golestan Palace
In Persian: کاخ گلستان
In the heart of Tehran, surrounded by the modern skyline of Iran’s capital, stands Golestan Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that embodies the artistic grandeur and royal heritage of Persia. As the oldest historic monument in Tehran, this stunning palace complex reflects the evolution of Persian architecture, blending Qajar elegance with influences from European and Islamic design.
A Royal Jewel of the Qajar Dynasty
Golestan Palace served as the royal residence and administrative center of the Qajar kings (1794–1925), who ruled Iran during a period of cultural transformation and modernization. The palace was not just a symbol of monarchy, but also a hub for diplomatic meetings, coronations, and lavish celebrations.
With its ornate mirror halls, lush gardens, and intricate tilework, Golestan Palace showcases the finest Persian craftsmanship, infused with elements inspired by European styles, reflecting Iran’s increasing engagement with the West during the 19th century.
A Masterpiece of Art and Architecture
Golestan Palace is a complex of royal buildings, each with its own unique charm and historical significance. Some of the most breathtaking sections include:
- Shams-ol-Emareh (Edifice of the Sun) – A five-story tower inspired by European architecture, once the tallest building in Tehran, offering the first panoramic views of the city for royalty.
- Talar-e Aineh (Hall of Mirrors) – A dazzling hall covered in tiny mirror mosaics, where Naser al-Din Shah admired his own reflection, calling it “the most beautiful hall in the world.”
- Talar-e Adj (Ivory Hall) – A grand reception hall filled with gifted treasures and artifacts from international dignitaries.
- Takhte Marmar (Marble Throne Terrace) – A magnificent open-air pavilion, where the famous peacock throne was once displayed, used for royal coronations and ceremonies.
- Negar Khaneh (Gallery of Paintings) – Showcasing stunning portraits of Qajar kings, including the famous paintings of Naser al-Din Shah.
The Palace of Coronations
Two of Iran’s most significant coronations took place at Golestan Palace—Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925 and his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1967. The palace, once a symbol of Qajar splendor and power, remained a backdrop for Iran’s royal history even after the dynasty faded.
A Timeless Legacy
Golestan Palace is more than just a historic monument; it is a living museum of Persian elegance, capturing the essence of royal traditions, architectural brilliance, and artistic expression. Today, visitors can walk through its grand halls, admire its mirrored ceilings, and explore its lush gardens, experiencing a world where Persian kings once ruled in opulence.
For travelers seeking to witness the finest blend of Persian and European influences, Golestan Palace is a must-visit—a timeless treasure in the heart of Tehran.
17. Shahr-i Sokhta
In Persian: شهر سوخته (Burnt City)
Deep in the arid landscapes of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, where the Helmand River once flowed with life, lies the mysterious ruins of Shahr-i Sokhta, or the Burnt City. Dating back over 5,000 years, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most advanced cities of the Bronze Age, offering an extraordinary glimpse into an ancient civilization that flourished long before the Persian empires of history.
A City Ahead of Its Time
Founded around 3200 BC, Shahr-i Sokhta was an early urban center of science, art, and engineering. The city had a highly organized layout, including residential areas, workshops, and burial grounds, and was built using advanced irrigation systems to sustain its people in the harsh desert environment.
Unlike other ancient civilizations, Shahr-i Sokhta shows no evidence of military fortifications or weapons, suggesting that its society was based on peaceful trade and innovation rather than conquest. Archaeologists believe the city was a major hub along ancient trade routes connecting Mesopotamia, Central Asia, and the Indus Valley Civilization.
Remarkable Discoveries from the Burnt City
Shahr-i Sokhta is famous for a number of extraordinary archaeological finds, revealing a highly sophisticated civilization that was centuries ahead of its time. Some of its most astonishing discoveries include:
- The World’s Oldest Artificial Eye – A golden artificial eye, dating back to 2900 BC, was found in the skull of a woman. Its intricate design, with fine gold threads mimicking blood vessels, suggests the earliest known attempt at medical prosthetics.
- The Oldest Known Brain Surgery – The remains of a 13-year-old girl show evidence of cranial surgery, making it one of the earliest recorded cases of neurosurgery.
- The First Animated Art – A small clay goblet discovered at the site features a series of painted images of a goat jumping up to eat leaves, representing one of the world’s earliest examples of animation.
- Advanced Urban Planning – The city had multi-room houses, a sophisticated drainage system, and a developed economy, indicating early urban planning far beyond its time.
Why Was It Called the Burnt City?
Shahr-i Sokhta gets its name from the traces of massive fires that destroyed parts of the city at least three times during its history. Despite these disasters, the city was rebuilt and continued to thrive until its final abandonment around 1800 BC.
A Lost Civilization with Many Unanswered Questions
Even though the Burnt City was one of the largest settlements of its time, no writing system has been discovered, leaving much of its history shrouded in mystery. The people who lived here vanished without a trace, leaving behind only the ruins of their once-great civilization.
A Journey into the Deep Past
Walking through the silent ruins of Shahr-i Sokhta, visitors can feel the echoes of an ancient world that existed long before the rise of Persian kings and great empires. The site is a reminder that thousands of years ago, science, medicine, and art were already thriving in the land that would later become Iran.
For those fascinated by lost civilizations, archaeology, and the mysteries of human history, Shahr-i Sokhta is one of the most intriguing ancient cities to explore—a place where time has stood still for over five millennia.
18. Susa
In Persian: شوش
In the fertile plains of Khuzestan Province, where the Karun River flows and civilizations have risen and fallen for over 6,000 years, lies Susa, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this ancient city was once a thriving political, cultural, and trade center of Elamite, Persian, and Mesopotamian civilizations.
The City of Kings and Empires
Founded around 4200 BC, Susa was the capital of the Elamite civilization and later became a key city of the Achaemenid Empire under Darius the Great. Throughout history, it served as a royal residence, a strategic administrative hub, and a meeting point for diverse cultures due to its location between Mesopotamia and Persia.
Susa appears in ancient texts, including the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible, where it is mentioned as the setting of the story of Queen Esther. The city was a center of art, science, and governance, witnessing the rule of Elamite, Persian, Parthian, and Sassanian kings before falling to the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD.
The Splendor of Achaemenid Susa
The most famous period of Susa’s history was during the Achaemenid era (6th–4th century BC), when Darius I chose it as one of his main capitals. Here, he built the Great Apadana Palace, an architectural wonder that symbolized Persian imperial power. The palace, adorned with intricate glazed brick reliefs, grand columns, and elaborate carvings, reflected the wealth and artistic sophistication of the Persian Empire.
The Palace of Artaxerxes, another royal complex, was later added, reinforcing Susa’s status as a major political and cultural center. Persian kings used Susa as a winter capital, preferring its warmer climate compared to Persepolis.
A Crossroads of Civilizations
Susa was home to some of the most remarkable archaeological discoveries, showcasing its multi-layered history:
- The Statue of Queen Napir-Asu – A life-sized bronze and copper statue from the Elamite period, displaying the artistry and craftsmanship of early Persia.
- The Code of Hammurabi – One of the earliest known legal codes, created by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, was discovered in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty by the Elamites.
- The Glazed Brick Friezes of the Apadana Palace – Stunning depictions of Persian guards, lions, and mythological creatures, illustrating the grandeur of Achaemenid royal architecture.
Destruction and Rediscovery
Despite its grandeur, Susa suffered multiple invasions and destructions, from the Assyrians and Babylonians to Alexander the Great, who looted the city in 331 BC. The city continued to be important during the Parthian and Sassanian eras, before gradually losing its prominence in the early Islamic period.
Excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries, led by French archaeologists such as Jacques de Morgan, uncovered the remains of Susa’s palaces, temples, and fortifications, revealing the deep historical significance of the city. Today, visitors can explore the ruins of the Achaemenid palaces, the ancient ziggurat foundations, and the French-built Susa Castle, which houses artifacts from the region.
A Timeless Legacy
Standing among the ruins of Susa, one can feel the echoes of Elamite priests, Persian kings, and legendary figures who once walked these streets. The city remains one of the most important archaeological sites in Iran, offering a glimpse into the rise and fall of empires that shaped the course of history.
For travelers fascinated by ancient civilizations, grand palaces, and the crossroads of Mesopotamian and Persian cultures, Susa is a journey through time—a lost city waiting to be explored.
19. Cultural Landscape of Maymand
In Persian: منظر فرهنگی میمند
Hidden in the mountainous heart of Kerman Province, where time seems to have stood still, lies Maymand, an ancient troglodyte village that has been continuously inhabited for over 12,000 years. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Maymand is a unique example of human adaptation to harsh environments, where generations of semi-nomadic people have carved homes, shelters, and cultural landscapes directly into the rocky cliffs.
A Prehistoric Settlement in the Persian Highlands
Maymand’s origins trace back to prehistoric times, with archaeological evidence suggesting that hunter-gatherer communities lived in the region as early as the 8th millennium BC. Unlike the grand palaces of Persian kings or the vast cities of the Silk Road, Maymand reflects a simple, yet ingenious lifestyle designed to withstand the extreme temperatures of the Iranian plateau.
The village consists of nearly 400 hand-dug cave dwellings, known as “Kicheh”, built into the mountain’s soft rock. These caves, which remain naturally cool in summer and warm in winter, have provided shelter for centuries, making Maymand one of the oldest continuously inhabited human settlements in the world.
A Way of Life Rooted in Nature
The people of Maymand have followed a semi-nomadic lifestyle for generations, practicing a unique form of pastoralism that shifts with the seasons. During the harsh winters, they live in their rock-hewn cave houses, while in spring and summer, they move to the surrounding plains to graze their livestock. This traditional system of seasonal migration has preserved the village’s ancient customs, agricultural techniques, and cultural heritage.
A Spiritual and Cultural Sanctuary
Beyond its remarkable dwellings, Maymand is home to ancient shrines, mosques, and petroglyphs, reflecting the spiritual and artistic expressions of its people. Many of the rock carvings date back thousands of years, depicting animals, hunting scenes, and mystical symbols, hinting at Zoroastrian and early Persian influences.
Visitors can also explore the ancient fire temples, where early inhabitants practiced rituals connected to the forces of nature, long before the spread of Islam. The village’s underground water management systems, handmade stone mills, and traditional handicrafts all highlight a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment.
A Living Heritage
Unlike many archaeological sites, Maymand is not an abandoned ruin—it is a living, breathing village, where locals still inhabit their ancestral homes, preserving their dialect, traditions, and craftsmanship. The elders of Maymand proudly carry forward centuries-old knowledge of sustainable living, demonstrating how human ingenuity can thrive in even the most challenging landscapes.
A Journey to Iran’s Hidden Past
For travelers seeking a glimpse into Iran’s ancient past, Maymand offers an unparalleled experience. Here, amidst the rocky cliffs and rugged valleys, one can step back in time and witness a world where history, nature, and tradition coexist in perfect balance.
In a rapidly modernizing world, Maymand stands as a testament to resilience, cultural endurance, and the timeless bond between humanity and the land
In Persian: منظر فرهنگی میمند
Hidden in the mountainous heart of Kerman Province, where time seems to have stood still, lies Maymand, an ancient troglodyte village that has been continuously inhabited for over 12,000 years. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Maymand is a unique example of human adaptation to harsh environments, where generations of semi-nomadic people have carved homes, shelters, and cultural landscapes directly into the rocky cliffs.
A Prehistoric Settlement in the Persian Highlands
Maymand’s origins trace back to prehistoric times, with archaeological evidence suggesting that hunter-gatherer communities lived in the region as early as the 8th millennium BC. Unlike the grand palaces of Persian kings or the vast cities of the Silk Road, Maymand reflects a simple, yet ingenious lifestyle designed to withstand the extreme temperatures of the Iranian plateau.
The village consists of nearly 400 hand-dug cave dwellings, known as “Kicheh”, built into the mountain’s soft rock. These caves, which remain naturally cool in summer and warm in winter, have provided shelter for centuries, making Maymand one of the oldest continuously inhabited human settlements in the world.
A Way of Life Rooted in Nature
The people of Maymand have followed a semi-nomadic lifestyle for generations, practicing a unique form of pastoralism that shifts with the seasons. During the harsh winters, they live in their rock-hewn cave houses, while in spring and summer, they move to the surrounding plains to graze their livestock. This traditional system of seasonal migration has preserved the village’s ancient customs, agricultural techniques, and cultural heritage.
A Spiritual and Cultural Sanctuary
Beyond its remarkable dwellings, Maymand is home to ancient shrines, mosques, and petroglyphs, reflecting the spiritual and artistic expressions of its people. Many of the rock carvings date back thousands of years, depicting animals, hunting scenes, and mystical symbols, hinting at Zoroastrian and early Persian influences.
Visitors can also explore the ancient fire temples, where early inhabitants practiced rituals connected to the forces of nature, long before the spread of Islam. The village’s underground water management systems, handmade stone mills, and traditional handicrafts all highlight a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment.
A Living Heritage
Unlike many archaeological sites, Maymand is not an abandoned ruin—it is a living, breathing village, where locals still inhabit their ancestral homes, preserving their dialect, traditions, and craftsmanship. The elders of Maymand proudly carry forward centuries-old knowledge of sustainable living, demonstrating how human ingenuity can thrive in even the most challenging landscapes.
A Journey to Iran’s Hidden Past
For travelers seeking a glimpse into Iran’s ancient past, Maymand offers an unparalleled experience. Here, amidst the rocky cliffs and rugged valleys, one can step back in time and witness a world where history, nature, and tradition coexist in perfect balance.
In a rapidly modernizing world, Maymand stands as a testament to resilience, cultural endurance, and the timeless bond between humanity and the land.
20. Lut Desert
In Persian: کویر لوت
In the vast and untamed expanse of southeastern Iran lies the Lut Desert (Dasht-e Lut), a surreal and otherworldly landscape that holds the title as one of the hottest places on Earth. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Lut Desert is not just a barren wasteland—it is a breathtaking masterpiece of geology, extreme climate, and natural wonders.
The Hottest Land on the Planet
Satellite data from NASA recorded the highest surface temperature ever measured on Earth in the Lut Desert—a scorching 80.8°C (177.4°F) in 2005. With its towering sand dunes, vast salt plains, and dramatic rock formations, Lut is a place where life struggles to exist, yet nature thrives in its rawest form.
A Geological Wonderland
The Lut Desert is a natural laboratory of wind and water erosion, featuring some of the most remarkable desert landscapes in the world. Its most famous features include:
- Kaluts (Yardang formations) – Towering, wind-sculpted ridges that rise like ancient castles from the desert floor. These formations, shaped over millions of years, create an eerie, otherworldly scenery.
- Massive Sand Dunes – Some of the tallest sand dunes on Earth, reaching heights of up to 500 meters, offering an awe-inspiring display of the power of wind.
- Salt Flats – Expansive salt plains, formed by evaporated lakes, stretching endlessly under the scorching sun.
- Gandom Beryan (Scorched Wheat Plain) – The area where NASA recorded the highest surface temperature, named after a Persian legend in which wheat was left in the desert and burned by the heat.
A Silent and Mysterious Landscape
Unlike other deserts, Lut is almost completely lifeless, with extreme conditions preventing the survival of plants or animals in its central regions. However, recent studies have found extremophile microorganisms, proving that even the harshest environments can sustain life.
Despite its inhospitable nature, the edges of the desert are home to nomadic tribes, resilient vegetation, and historical caravan routes that once connected Persian traders to the Silk Road.
A Paradise for Adventurers
For those seeking a true wilderness experience, the Lut Desert is one of the most thrilling adventure destinations in Iran. Visitors can:
- Explore the Kaluts at sunrise and sunset, when the golden hues create an otherworldly glow.
- Experience the silence of the desert, where the absence of life creates an overwhelming sense of stillness.
- Camp under the clearest night sky, with zero light pollution, making it one of the best places in the world for stargazing.
- Trek across massive dunes, feeling the immense scale of nature’s forces at play.
A World Heritage Treasure
Lut Desert was inscribed as Iran’s first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, recognized for its geological significance, extreme climate, and unique landforms. It is one of the most scientifically valuable places on Earth, offering insight into climate change, planetary geology, and desert ecosystems.
A Journey Beyond Imagination
Lut Desert is not just a destination—it is an experience of Earth’s raw power and beauty, a place where silence speaks, heat shapes the land, and time seems to stand still. For travelers seeking the ultimate adventure, Lut Desert is an unforgettable journey into one of the most extreme and awe-inspiring places on the planet.
21. The Persian Qanat
In Persian, called /qanat/ or /kariz/
Most Iran cities have a hot and arid climate, formed based on water supply in response to the harsh weather by providing water systems inside the arid deserts. In the early part of the first millennium BC, Iranians constructed underground water horizontal tunnels on deserts with no water resources for extracting groundwater, called Qanat (in Persian called Kariz). The total length of Iran’s Qanat (about over 37,000 identified qanats) is 350,000 kilometers, approximately equal to the distance between the earth and the moon and 43 times more than the length of the China wall. In 2016, UNESCO inscribed 11 active qanats in Khorasan, Yazd, Markazi, Isfahan, and Kerman provinces with some innovations. Nowadays, these active resources are used for agricultural purposes and local usages.
Qasabeh Qanat, the oldest and deepest qanat in the world
Qasabeh Qanat, known as Kariz-e Kei Khosrow or Gonabad Qanat, is in Khorasan-e Razavi Province, dates to 3-4 centuries BCE. The stepped qanat was built in 33 kilometers, and its mother well is 300m deep. The main water source of Qasabeh Qanat is Siyah-Kuh Mountains.
The oldest water clock is situated
in Gonabad, Khorasan-e Razavi Province.
22. Historic City of Yazd
In Persian, called /Yazd/
The historic city of Yazd located in the heart of Iran deserts, between the Dasht-e Kavir and the Dasht-e Lut, Esfahan and Kerman, and close the Spice and Silk Roads in Yazd Province. Yazd, as an ancient city, dates to the Achaemenid era. The adobe city has a hot and arid climate. Yazd city formed based on water supply in response to the harsh weather by providing Kariz (Qanat), Abanbar (water cistern), mud-brick houses, Kah-Geli (mud and straw plaster) walls, Badgir (wind catcher), Yakhdan (space for storing ice), traditional Yakhchalas, goudal-baqcheh (kind of garden), sabats (type of roof), gozar, and caravansarais.
Amirchaqmaq Complex, Dolat Abad Garden, Alexander’s Prison, Zoroastrian Fire Temple, Gor-dakhme or Zoroastrian Towers of Silence, Jameh Mosque, traditional houses like Khan-e Lari, Grand Bazar, Qanats, Yazd Water Museum, Saheb A Zaman Zurkhaneh, Mirror and Lighting Museum, clock tower, historical alleys, caravansary, Yazd bathhouses, caves, and Yazd Deserts are Yazd attractions.
Yazd, as the city of windcatchers, is also known for its intangible cultural heritages. Ten percent of Yazd people follow the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism with Zoroastrian language, and others are Muslims who speak Farsi in Yazdi Dialect. The art of Yazd’s people is to transform desert restrictions into life possibilities.
23. Sassanid Archaeological Landscape
Fars province is a treasure chest of palaces, fortifications, and reliefs from the Sassanid period. In 2018, UNESCO registered eight archeological sites of this great treasure in Firoozabad, Bishapur, and Sarvestan:
Dokhtar Castle, The Oldest Domed building in the World
In Persian, called /qal-e dokhtar/
Qaleh Dokhtar (Dokhtar means girl), as a 71-hectare fortress built by Ardashir in a strategic location on three levels, dates back to 1800 years ago. Qaleh Dokhtar was created as a stronghold to protect the Sassanid capital against the Parthian King. This fortress includes a monumental palace with Chahar-Taq domes (dome on a square space), auxiliary structures, open spaces, and outer fortification walls.
The entrance hall on the lower access level, vaulted halls with an intermediate terrace, and private rooms on the uppermost level are made this stone castle. Copper coins of Yazdegerd III, the last Great King of Sassanian Empire, have been excavated in the inner fortress’ walls. The castle is in mountains of Firoozabad, Fars Province.
24. Hyrcanian Forests
In Persian, called /jan-gal-haye shomal/
Watching movies is the only way we can see dinosaurs. But we are going for a few hours’ drive to the forests that are as old as the dinosaurs.
Hyrcanian forests,
the remnants of an Ice Age
The forests of northern Iran are the oldest dense forests in the world, known as the Hyrcanian. Hyrcania was the old name of Gorgan in the Mazani dialect, which was also known as Varkana. Hyrcanian Forests stretch 850 km along the Caspian Sea’s bottom like a green ribbon and cover northern provinces like Mazandaran, Gillan, Gorgan, and Golestan. As the remnants of an Ice Age, the history of these green forests dates back 25 to 50 million years. The favourable climate of Hyrcanian Forests helps to survive these living fossil forests for millions of years and be home to many living creatures, including unique plants, trees, birds, and animals.
25. Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat
In Persian: منظر فرهنگی هورامان/اورامانات
Nestled in the majestic Zagros Mountains, where steep valleys, ancient stone villages, and Kurdish traditions have endured for thousands of years, lies the breathtaking Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this living cultural treasure showcases the harmonious relationship between humans and nature, preserving a way of life that has remained unchanged for millennia.
A Land of History, Culture, and Myth
Hawraman (also called Uramanat) stretches across the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah in western Iran, forming part of a larger cultural region that extends into Iraqi Kurdistan. The area is home to the Hawrami people, an ancient Kurdish community with a unique language, customs, and architectural heritage.
Historical records suggest that Hawraman was once a center of the Zoroastrian religion, and its name is believed to be derived from Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of Zoroastrianism. Over the centuries, the region became an important hub for spiritual and cultural exchanges, shaping its distinct identity.
The Stepped Villages of the Zagros
What makes Hawraman truly unique is its extraordinary mountain architecture. The villages are built in a stepped formation, where the roof of one house serves as the courtyard for the house above it. This remarkable terraced design, perfectly adapted to the rugged terrain, has allowed communities to thrive in one of Iran’s most challenging landscapes.
Some of the most famous villages in the region include:
- Palangan – An ancient village known for its stone houses, cascading waterfalls, and vibrant Kurdish culture.
- Hawraman Takht – A historic settlement believed to have been the spiritual and administrative center of ancient Hawraman.
- Zhivar and Selin – Villages that preserve centuries-old traditions of agriculture, music, and handicrafts.
A Landscape of Sustainable Living
For centuries, the people of Hawraman have lived in harmony with nature, practicing terraced farming, animal husbandry, and traditional irrigation methods. The region is famous for its walnut orchards, pomegranate groves, and honey production, all cultivated using sustainable agricultural techniques passed down through generations.
The landscape also features sacred shrines, ancient cemeteries, and seasonal migration routes, reflecting the deep spiritual and nomadic heritage of the Hawrami Kurds.
A Center of Kurdish Art, Music, and Literature
Hawraman is not just a place of stunning natural beauty—it is a cultural heartland of Kurdish poetry, music, and storytelling. The region has inspired centuries of poets and musicians, preserving an oral tradition rich in mythology, love stories, and epic tales. The unique Hawrami dialect, one of the oldest branches of the Kurdish language, is still spoken here, maintaining its ancient linguistic roots.
The region is also famous for its traditional Kurdish music, featuring instruments like the tanbur, which has deep spiritual significance in Sufi and mystic traditions.
A UNESCO-Recognized Living Heritage
In 2021, the Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, recognizing its extraordinary human adaptation to a mountainous environment and its rich intangible heritage. Unlike many heritage sites that focus on ancient ruins, Hawraman is a living cultural landscape, where people still practice the traditions of their ancestors.
A Journey to the Heart of Kurdish Heritage
For travelers seeking authentic cultural experiences, breathtaking mountain scenery, and a glimpse into an ancient way of life, Hawraman/Uramanat is an unforgettable destination. Here, amidst stone-built villages and terraced fields, one can witness the enduring spirit of a people who have preserved their identity through centuries of change.
In Hawraman, history is not just remembered—it is lived.
26. Trans-Iranian Railway
In Persian: راهآهن سراسری ایران
Stretching from the Caspian Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, the Trans-Iranian Railway is one of the most remarkable feats of engineering, connectivity, and national ambition in Iran’s modern history. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this railway is not just a transportation route—it is a symbol of Iran’s industrial progress, built under challenging conditions and across diverse landscapes, linking mountains, deserts, and coastal regions.
A Visionary Project
The idea of a national railway was first envisioned in the late 19th century, but it was during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941) that the project truly came to life. Construction began in 1927, and after 11 years of relentless effort, the railway was completed in 1938—an achievement that transformed Iran’s economic, political, and social landscape.
Unlike many rail projects of the time, which were funded by foreign powers for their own interests, the Trans-Iranian Railway was built entirely with Iranian resources, using a unique taxation system on goods like sugar and tea. This ensured that the railway served Iran’s national interests rather than those of foreign companies.
A Masterpiece of Engineering
Covering a total distance of 1,394 kilometers (867 miles), the railway passes through two mountain ranges—the Alborz and the Zagros—and connects the port city of Bandar Imam Khomeini on the Persian Gulf to Bandar Torkaman on the Caspian Sea. Its construction required extraordinary engineering solutions, including:
- 174 large bridges and 186 smaller ones, allowing the railway to traverse deep valleys and rugged mountains.
- 224 tunnels, including the famous Gaduk Tunnel, which cuts through the Alborz Mountains at high altitudes.
- Steep gradients and winding tracks, designed to navigate the extreme climatic and geographical challenges of Iran’s landscape.
Despite these difficulties, the railway was completed ahead of schedule, showcasing Iranian resilience and engineering innovation.
A Strategic and Economic Lifeline
The Trans-Iranian Railway has played a crucial role in Iran’s economic and geopolitical history. During World War II, it became a vital supply route for the Allied forces, allowing military aid to be transported from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union as part of the Persian Corridor.
In the decades that followed, the railway boosted Iran’s economy, facilitating the movement of oil, agricultural products, and industrial goods across the country. It also became an essential link between Asia and Europe, reinforcing Iran’s role as a major transit hub.
A UNESCO-Recognized Marvel
In 2021, the Trans-Iranian Railway was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, recognized for its technical innovation, historical significance, and impact on national development. It remains one of the few railway systems in the world that connects such diverse landscapes—from humid coastal plains to arid deserts and high mountain passes.
A Journey Through Iran’s Natural Beauty
For travelers, the Trans-Iranian Railway offers a scenic and unforgettable experience through Iran’s breathtaking landscapes. Passengers can witness:
- The lush green forests of northern Iran along the Caspian Sea.
- The snow-capped peaks of the Alborz Mountains, with dramatic cliffside tunnels.
- The golden deserts of central Iran, stretching endlessly under the sun.
- The vibrant coastline of the Persian Gulf, where trade and history meet.
A Legacy That Continues
More than just a railway, the Trans-Iranian Railway represents Iran’s ambition, innovation, and connection to the world. As it continues to expand and modernize, it remains a lifeline of transportation and trade, shaping the future while preserving the historic achievement of its creators.
For those seeking to experience Iran’s natural beauty, cultural diversity, and engineering wonders, a journey on the Trans-Iranian Railway is a ride through history, where past and present meet on the tracks of progress.
27. Iranian Caravanserais
In Persian: کاروانسراهای ایرانی
Scattered across Iran’s vast deserts, rugged mountains, and ancient trade routes, Iranian caravanserais stand as silent witnesses to centuries of travel, commerce, and cultural exchange. These historic roadside inns, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, once provided shelter and security for merchants, pilgrims, and explorers journeying along the legendary Silk Road and other trade routes.
A Network Connecting Civilizations
Dating back to pre-Islamic times, Iranian caravanserais flourished during the Safavid era (16th–17th centuries), when Shah Abbas I ordered the construction of hundreds of caravanserais to facilitate trade and travel across the Persian Empire. These structures were strategically placed every 30 to 40 kilometers, the approximate distance a camel caravan could travel in a day, ensuring that travelers always had a safe place to rest.
Iranian caravanserais were more than just resting spots—they were hubs of cultural interaction, where traders from China, India, Central Asia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe exchanged goods, ideas, and traditions, shaping Persia’s role as a global center of commerce.
Architectural Masterpieces in the Desert
Each caravanserai was carefully designed to withstand the harsh climate of Iran’s landscapes, whether in the blazing deserts, cold highlands, or fertile plains. The fortified walls, massive gateways, and enclosed courtyards ensured protection from bandits, extreme weather, and wild animals.
Caravanserais typically featured:
- A central courtyard surrounded by arcades, rooms, and stables for travelers and their animals.
- A grand entrance gate adorned with brickwork, tile mosaics, and calligraphy, often featuring inscriptions about the founder or patron.
- Storage rooms and trading areas, where merchants could store and exchange goods.
- Mosques, bathhouses, and wells, offering spiritual and physical comfort to weary travelers.
Famous Caravanserais Across Iran
Iran is home to over 1,000 historical caravanserais, each with its own unique architecture, history, and setting. Some of the most remarkable include:
- Zein-o-Din Caravanserai (Yazd) – One of the few circular caravanserais in Iran, located in the heart of the desert and now transformed into a traditional guesthouse.
- Robat Sharaf Caravanserai (Khorasan) – A Seljuk-era masterpiece featuring intricate brickwork and geometric designs.
- Deir-e Gachin Caravanserai (Qom) – Known as the “Mother of Iranian Caravanserais”, it dates back to the Sassanian period and served as a major stop along the Silk Road.
- Maranjab Caravanserai (Kashan) – Located near the stunning Maranjab Desert, this Safavid-era inn offers a breathtaking experience under the star-filled night sky.
- Sangbast Caravanserai (Razavi Khorasan) – A partially ruined yet still fascinating example of early Islamic architecture, marking an important stop along the ancient trade routes.
A Legacy of Travel and Exchange
The Iranian caravanserais reflect the golden age of Persian trade and cultural exchange, showcasing architectural brilliance, logistical precision, and a deep understanding of hospitality. They were the lifeblood of ancient commerce, ensuring that goods like Persian silk, spices, ceramics, and precious metals reached markets far beyond Iran’s borders.
Even today, some caravanserais have been restored and converted into boutique hotels, cultural centers, or museums, allowing modern travelers to experience the same warmth and hospitality that once welcomed Silk Road merchants.
A Journey Through Time
For those fascinated by history, architecture, and the romance of the Silk Road, visiting Iran’s caravanserais offers a unique opportunity to step back in time. These ancient structures, set against the backdrop of endless deserts, mountain passes, and fertile valleys, remind us of a time when Persia was the heart of global trade and cultural exchange.
The caravanserais of Iran are not just remnants of the past—they are timeless symbols of Persian hospitality, innovation, and the enduring spirit of travel.
28. The Ancient Site and Museum of Ecbatana
In Persian: هگمتانه
Beneath the modern city of Hamadan, hidden beneath centuries of history, lies the legendary ancient city of Ecbatana, one of the greatest capitals of the ancient world. Recognized as one of the oldest cities in Iran, Ecbatana (Hegmataneh) was once the grand capital of the Median Empire and later an important administrative center for the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids. Today, its archaeological site and museum offer a fascinating glimpse into thousands of years of Persian civilization.
The Lost Capital of the Medes
Founded in the 7th century BC, Ecbatana was the seat of power for Deioces, the first king of the Medes, who is said to have built a mighty city protected by seven concentric walls, each painted in a different color. Ancient Greek historians, including Herodotus, described Ecbatana as a city of unparalleled beauty, wealth, and military strength, with golden and silver-covered palaces that dazzled all who saw them.
When Cyrus the Great conquered the Medes in 550 BC, Ecbatana became one of the main capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, serving as a summer residence for Persian kings. It later remained significant during the Parthian and Sassanian periods, functioning as a strategic center along the Silk Road.
Exploring the Archaeological Site
Although much of ancient Ecbatana lies buried beneath modern Hamadan, excavations have revealed fortifications, palaces, streets, and remnants of a once-thriving metropolis. Visitors to the site can explore:
- Massive mud-brick walls, once part of the city’s impressive defensive system.
- Remnants of the Achaemenid and Parthian periods, including residential structures and administrative buildings.
- Artifacts such as pottery, coins, inscriptions, and decorative elements, which tell the story of Ecbatana’s rich and layered history.
The Ecbatana Museum
Located near the excavation site, the Ecbatana Museum houses an impressive collection of artifacts discovered in Hamadan and the surrounding region. Some of its most notable exhibits include:
- Achaemenid and Parthian-era inscriptions, providing insight into the governance and daily life of ancient Ecbatana.
- Elamite and Median pottery, revealing the artistic traditions of early Iranian civilizations.
- Weapons, jewelry, and coins, reflecting the city’s importance as a center of commerce and power.
A Link to Persian and Global History
Ecbatana played a role in some of the most significant events of ancient history, including:
- Alexander the Great’s conquest – The Macedonian king passed through Ecbatana in 330 BC, using it as a base before his campaign into Persia.
- The death of Hephaestion – Alexander’s closest companion, Hephaestion, died in Ecbatana, prompting an elaborate royal funeral.
- Parthian and Sassanian rule – The city continued to thrive as a regional center, contributing to the Persian and later Islamic civilizations.
A Journey into the Past
For those fascinated by lost cities, Persian history, and ancient archaeology, Ecbatana offers a rare opportunity to walk among the ruins of one of Iran’s earliest capitals. Although much of its grandeur has been lost to time, its legends, artifacts, and ruins continue to tell the story of an empire that shaped the history of Persia and the world.